As an assistant, I started teaching EFL at Toyohahshi University of Technology (TUT), a national college of engineering, in Toyohashi, Aichi Prefecture. TUT had a tri-semester system of ten weeks each instead of an ordinary university’s two-semester system of 15 weeks each. For the first three months (December 1981 to March 1982), I commuted to my TUT office for five days per week by subway, train, and bus from my apartment in Nagoya. However, travel expenses covered by the university were limited and if I commuted to my office for more than three days, they became in the red. So I moved out of the apartment in Nagoya and moved to a 2DK apartment in southern Toyohashi where I could commute to my office easily by car and save my travel expenses. In 1984, I could move to a spacious (3LDK) government officials’ joint apartment that was the fourth-floor building without an elevator. I also could get my own office room with enough research facilities at TUT.
There were many international students at TUT and there was an international dormitory on campus. I was assigned to help them as the chief and planned and joined a variety of activities such as dumpling parties sponsored by Chinese students and backed by a local international exchange group. I also did a consultation with two Malaysian female students who had some adjustment problems.
As soon as I moved to Nagoya in August 1978, I started teaching English in one-year or two-year intensive English programs. Most of the enrolled students were high school graduates in Aichi, Gifu, and Mie prefectures. Many of them were studying hard to improve their 4 basic skills (speaking, listening, reading, and writing) and business skills in order to get better jobs after their graduation. In fact, among them, some got certificates from the STEP Test 1 Grade and Interpreter Guide Exam or got jobs as flight attendants for airline companies, or became a CPA (certified public accountant) in the US. Since I was single, I had many fun times with those students through cultural festivals, interpreter guide field trips, etc.
1978年8月に名古屋へ転居後、すぐに専任教員の一人として英語教育活動を開始したが、学生たちは高校卒業後、大学・短大ではなく、外国語専門学校で1年ないし2年間週5日の集中英語教育プログラムで効率よく4技能(listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing)の英語スキルとビジネス・スキルなどを高め、より良い会社などに就職したいと考えていた者たちが多かったので、とても熱心な学生たちばかりであった。愛知県内からに限らず、通学圏の岐阜県や三重県などから通学していた女子学生が圧倒的に多かった。中には、英検1級や通訳ガイド試験(現在の全国通訳案内士試験)に合格した者もいたり、卒業後に航空会社のフライト・アテンダント(a flight attendant)になったり、渡米し、大学に入学・卒業し、会計士(a certified public accountant)となって現地で就職した者もいた。独身でもあったので、課外活動にも積極的に協力し、文化祭や通訳ガイド研修などで楽しい行事を満喫した。
In addition to four English skills-based classes, I taught EFL teaching methodology and comparative culture of Japan and America while doing a Suggestopedia project. These were so profitable and good experiences as an EFL teacher for me. I still use some learned knowledge and skills such as BGM to produce alpha waves that are good for long-time memory when I teach my classes.
At this professional school, I could have my weekend off and enjoy self-learning or leisure activities in my private life because there were fewer admin works for a variety of private proficiency tests that were given on weekends. I wanted to learn a new teaching methodology so I became an auditor for the Saturday class at Aichi Prefectural University, but I was a bit disappointed with the content that was nothing new. However, my life changed a lot after meeting the late Prof. Tomita who was a part-timer of German language and culture at APU and a full-time professor at the Toyohashi University of Technology (TUT), then a newly established national college of technology and science in1976. He felt that I was an appropriate EFL teacher for TUT and offered me an assistant position for the department of humanities at TUT. After getting an interview from the head of the English program, I accepted the position even though the salary was low because it was a rewarding job.
When I was teaching at NIC, I enjoyed daily communication in English with my foreign colleagues who were mostly Americans. Also, I actively got involved with JALT(Japan Association for Language Teaching) Nagoya Chapter activities and learned a lot from their members.
外国人教員の多くは米国人母語話者が中心だったので、英語でのコミュニケーション・スキルの維持には問題はなかったが、さらに学会活動も意義あることと考え、JALT(Japan Association for Language Teaching)名古屋支部の活動にも積極的に参加し、学ぶことも多かった。
Three years at NIC passed in no time and I tried to complete any assigned jobs, However, my personal assessment was not good. I met my partner there and got married to her on November 4, 1981. We went for a honeymoon trip to Europe (Greece, Italy, Switzerland, and France) for the first time, but after returning from the trip, I received an acceptance letter from TUT and had to resign from my teaching position quickly at NIC to start my job at TUT in December 1981.
While I was at KU, I started to seek a job via TESOL’s placement service and I applied for two different jobs (one at a western book publisher Japan office staff in Tokyo and a teaching position at a professional school in Nagoya). Since I had no personal connections with either of them or others at that time, I had to find a job by myself. After I returned to my home in Utsunomiya, I received both job acceptances. Both seemed to be good to have new experiences as a new life starter, but I decided to take a teaching job to be an English teacher in Nagoya which I had never visited Nagoya until then. This professional school was then called Nagoya International College (Currently Trident Professional School for Foreign Languages, Hotels, and Bridal). which had both one-year and two-year Intensive English programs and the Japanese as a Second Language program. It had a Kawaijuku Educational Institution’s Dolton School to incorporate ability development for children.
My dad and younger brother helped me to move from Utsunomiya to Nagoya by using a truck. Since I didn’t do any part-time jobs after returning to my home in early June and I had to start my teaching job in Nagoya in the middle of August 1978, I had to live in a small apartment. However, three months later, a colleague’s friend, a dentist offered me to live on the third floor of his dental clinic building in Imaike, Nagoya that had a perfect living environment with a dining-living room, bathroom, and bedroom.
Mr. Charles Admson and his family were so kind and helpful to me and with him, we researched Suggestopedia which was a unique teaching methodology developed by Dr. Lozanov of Bulgaria. After getting trained by a Canadian practitioner for teaching French with Suggestopedia, w applied it to teaching English. I toured around Japan with this Canadian practitioner as a sequential interpreter when he gave his presentations. It was a great experience for me. I taught for three years at NIC until I found a university teaching position in 1981.
米国大学院留学後半から就職活動をし始め、TESOL(Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages)という学会の就職サービス(Placement Service)から情報を得て、東京にある洋書出版社の社員公募と名古屋にある専門学校の教員公募があったので、両方に応募した。いわゆるコネもなく自らの力で就職活動をしていかねばならなかったわけである。帰国後、宇都宮市にある実家に戻っていたが、両方から採用の通知が来た。
My major at the Department of Linguistics at KU was Applied Linguistics. Since I lacked enough background knowledge about linguistic theories, I had to take the required subjects such as Introduction to Linguistics, Phonetics, Acoustic Phonetics, Generative Transformational Grammar, sociolinguistics, Comparative Cultures, etc. The most difficult subjects to learn were Phonetics and Generative Transformational Grammar which required me to remember detailed content and also my analytic/mathematical skill to treat the given unknown language data. Their mid-term and final tests were 3-hour long ones and detailed answers with concrete examples were requested. Both of them forced me to study for long hours daily. I also took practical subjects such as Language Teaching, used for reviewing each performance, and discussed (Micro Teaching style). Then there were no personal computers so we had to type the handouts with an electric typewriter and printed enough copies with a rotary press to share.
Since I didn’t belong to the Department of English Language and Literature, I enjoyed learning new knowledge, but the content was a very high-level one so I felt lacking my English knowledge and skills. I had to focus on studying a lot in the enrolled classes and it was a very useful experience in my life. The only relaxed time I had was from the night of Friday to Saturday evening.
大学院(言語学部 Department of Linguistics)での専門は応用言語学(Applied Linguistics)。とはいえ、背景知識がなかったため、言語学の基礎理論を学ぶ必修科目を取得しなければならなく、言語学概論(Introduction to Linguistics)から始まって、音声学(Phonetics)、音響音声学(Acoustic Phonetics)、生成変形文法論(Generative Transformational Grammar)、社会言語学(Socio-linguistics)、比較文化論(Comparative Cultures)、など多くの科目を履修した。その中で一番苦しい思いをした科目は細かい知識を求められた音声学や数学的な知識が必要だった生成変形文法のクラスであった。前者は英語以外にも様々な言語の音声規則を学び、その特徴の解析をしたり、中間・期末テストはそれぞれ3時間という長丁場のもので、詳細な回答を求められた質問群に回答するのが大変であった。後者は毎週の課題で難しい生成変形文法の解析を求められたもので、この科目だけに日曜に丸一日かかって課題をこなしていた覚えがある。詳細な言語教授法(Language Teaching Methodology)のような実践的な科目も履修し、4技能(スピーキング、リスニング、リーデイング、ライテイング)の特定スキル学習のための教材を準備し、院生同士がお互いに批評し合うために、ビデオ録画して振り返りをするMicro Teachingの手法を学んだりもした。当時はパーソナル・コンピュータがない時代でもあり、紙のハンドアウト教材は電動タイプライターで印字したものを輪転機でコピーを作り、配布し、共有し合うのが普通であった。
When one year and a half passed after enrolling in the Department of Linguistics, I started to feel some difficulties to continue studying Linguistics subjects and decided to transfer to Curriculum & Instruction of the Department of Education that offered TESL(Teaching English as a Second Language) program – collaboration course from Departments of Linguistics, English, and Education. Many international students including one of my friends, Late Professor Kenji Kitao of Doshisha University. Also, I got a TA job to teach practical Japanese conversation through Prof. Yamamoto of the Department of Asian Studies and helped me a lot financially with the half-reduced tuition. Of course, this TA experience was a very useful and valuable one.
Before going to the US to study, I felt very unsatisfactory and necessity of improving the pre-service English teacher training curriculum in Japan. So I researched and wrote my MA thesis titled “Training of Teachers of English as a Second Language in Japan.” I was planning to advance to a Ph. D degree course, but I gave up and returned home to Japan because I had a younger brother and a younger sister who needed more educational and financial supports from my parents. I was lucky to have my dad who didn’t speak English well, but who came to attend my graduation ceremony in May 1978. He had to transit a few times to fly over to Kansas City Airport. After graduation, we flew to Chicago, San Diego, Los Angeles, and San Francisco for sightseeing together on the way back to Japan.
約1年半が過ぎようとしていた時に、応用言語学という学問の意義は十分に認めていたものの、言語学部修士課程での継続的な勉学に嫌気がさして、もっと実践的なプログラムに移った方が、帰国後の就職や人生そのものに寄与できるのではと思い、決断をして、教育学部Curriculum & Instructionプログラムへ転学した。言語学部、英語学部、教育学部の連携コースとしてTESL(Teaching English as a Second Language)プログラムが提供されていたからである。同じように感じた多くの国際学生たちも転学をしていたことも小生に大きな影響を与えたと思う。故北尾謙治同志社大学教授もその中にいた。幸いにも日本語教育をしていたアジア研究学部日本語学科の山本先生から協力を依頼され、一年間の有給Teaching Assistantとして日本語会話科目を担当させてもらった。大学の学費が半額になったメリットもあったが、その時の教育経験はとても有意義であった。
留学する前から日本における伝統的なスタイルでの英語教員養成プログラムが不十分であると考えていたので、大学での英語教員養成カリキュラムの分析をして、より良い改善策を提言する修士論文(Training of Teachers of English as a Second Language in Japan)を書き上げた。その後に博士課程への進学も考えたが、3人兄弟の長男でもあるし、弟や妹にも教育費用がかかっていた時代の私費留学であったため、まずは帰国して就職し、親の世話にならず独立しようと決めた。大学の卒業式・大学院の修了式には、簡単な英語しかできなかった父親が何度か飛行機を乗り継いで来てくれ、空港まで迎えに行ったり、帰国前の米国内旅行(シカゴ、サンジエゴ、ロサンゼルス、サンフランシスコ)を一緒にして、大変良い思い出となった。父には特に米国大学院留学を可能にしてくれ、財政面で支援してくれたことにとても感謝している。以下の写真は1978年5月に10万人が収容できるスタジアムで開催された学部卒業式や大学院修了式の時にレンタルのガウンを着て撮影したもの。
My study life at KU started at an international dormitory, McCallum Hall (Demolished in 2015) where many international students like Venezuelans, Chinese, Japanese, and Iranians) lived. Since a single occupancy room was pretty expensive, I chose the double occupancy room to share it with a Kansan local undergraduate named David who was majoring in political science. We enjoyed talking to each other before going to bed every day. My family sent us yukata (light cotton kimono worn in the summer or used as a bathrobe) and geta (wooden clogs) to wear after taking a shower in summer. We also cooked and ate steamed rice with a rice cooker that was given by David as a birthday present. I bought many Japanese foods at a Korean Foods Store in Kansas City but no fresh fish was available and most of them were instant noodles and canned foods.
During the summer holidays, I joined a 10-day camping trip to the Rocky Mountains in Colorado with my KU friends including David’s sister and a professor from Romania.
There were then about 30 regular Japanese students at KU plus around 70 ESL students from Japan and we had Japanese Students Association which had held a Japan night every year to introduce Japanese culture. The former president was late Professor Kenji Kitao of Doshisha University and I was his successor. This Japan Night required $5 to participate and sukiyaki dinner with a kimono show was given to the participants. I very much appreciated those who voluntarily helped the event.
When driving on a monotonous and nearly straight road from Grand Canyon National Park to Phoenix in Arizona, I drove my car at around 70 miles an hour speed without paying attention to any police cars. However, I was stopped by a police car somewhere and the police officer asked me some questions including about my overspeeding violation possibility. I answered driving a bit fast because I had to arrive in Lawrence, Kansas to take an important test at the University of Kansas four days after. Maybe I was a foreigner so the police officer was generous enough to understand the situation and didn’t give me a speed ticket, fortunately. I got relieved with the no-fine result and after that, I was more careful about overspeeding violations.
When we drove on US Highway 62/180 in New Mexico State, we found and dropped by Carlsbad Caverns National Park (https://www.nps.gov/cave/index.htm) which was the largest cavern in the US and a World Heritage site. It was so huge (a large limestone chamber, named simply the Big Room, which is almost 4,000 feet (1,220 m) long, 625 feet (191 m) wide, and 255 feet (78 m) high at its highest point.) and we could not see all so we just visited the Big Room area.
Without visiting Phoenix, we drove east on Route 40 to Albuquerque and then to Oklahoma City. When we reached the border between Oklahoma and Kansas states, we had car engine trouble after staying at a motel. Because of the extremely cold weather, the radiator without anti-frozen liquid was frozen. So I had to ask a towing car to bring my car to a nearby garage for fixing it. We were careless about how cold it was in winter. After it was unfrozen and anti-froze was filled in, we could move up to Lawrence via Wichita, Kansas. After arriving at Lawrence, the Tokyo University student took a greyhound bus to Kansas City and then flew to Chicago from Kansas City Airport.
While I was studying at the ELS Language Center attached to a small college in Oakland, California, I luckily received admission from the Graduate School (Linguistics Department) of the University of Kansas. This was the first admission from 5 universities I had applied so I just took it. When I was thinking about the trip to Lawrence, Kansas, one of my Japanese friends from Kobe was returning home. So I purchased his used car (Chevrolet Impala 1965) and decided to drive to the destination. Fortunately, I found a Tokyo University student who completed his study at the same time and he agreed to travel to Kansas with me while sharing all the expenses (gasoline, accommodations, etc) for a week-long trip. Since he didn’t have his driver’s license, I had to drive the car about 8 hours a day on average. In early January in 1975, we left Berkley where we had lived for three months and headed east to visit Sacramento. After that, we drove down south and dropped by the Mistery Spot (https://www.mysteryspot.com/) in Santa Cruz Redwoods, CA, a gravitational anomaly. It was an unusual experience for us but we enjoyed it. After staying overnight at a motel in Monterey, we headed for Las Vegas on Route 5 and then Route 15 via Bakersfield. We stayed overnight in LV, gambled a bit, and enjoyed a dinner show at a hotel. The next day, we drove down to Grand Canyon and just took a photo because it was so cold outside.
ELS Language Center滞在中にTOEFL受験もし、580点まで向上し、願書を出したすべての大学院に報告した結果、幸いにもカンサス州ローレンス市(当時は5万人ほどの大学町)にあるThe University of Kansas大学院言語学部(Department of Linguistics)から合格の通知を受け取った。ほかの大学院からも合格通知が後日送られてきたが、最初に認めてくれ、印象も良かったThe University of Kansas大学院へ入学することにした。
1995年1月末からの春学期スタートからの許可だったので、同じ時期にELS Langauge Centerで英語集中研修を受け、帰国前に米国内旅行をしたいと言っていた東京大学の某学生が移動旅費の半分を負担してくれるということになり、ルームシェアをして住んでいたバークーレイのアパートを引き去った後、神戸に本社を置く某有名会社の社長の子息から、帰国することで所有していた中古自動車(シボレーのインパラという大型乗用車)を格安で譲り受け、カリフォルニア州からカンサス州ローレンス市にあるThe University of Kansasまで旅行をしながら車で移動することにした。運転は国際自動車運転免許証を持っていた小生がすることになったが、1月という冬の旅行であったので、旅行ルートはできるだけ暖かい地域をドライブして行くことにした。どこをドライブして行くにしても、初めての長時間のドライブ経験であった。途中でモーテルを見つけては宿泊し、いくつかの名所旧跡を訪問しながら、 州都のサクラメント->5号線を南下 サンタクルズ近くにあるミステリー・スポット (https://www.mysteryspot.com/) という重力異常を感じられる人気の観光地に立ち寄った。 途中モンテレイーに立ち寄り、モーテルに宿泊。 翌日はルート5から ベーカーズフィールドを経由 ルート15へと変更して、ラスベガスへ向かった。 もちろん、ラスベガスでは少しだけギャンブルをしてみたが、初心者が勝てるはずもなかった。1泊しかしなかったが、ホテルのデイナーショーを楽しむことはできた。翌日はグランドキャニオンを経由してさらに南下した。 93号線を南下した後40号線で東へ->アルバカーキー->アマリロからダラスへ->オクラホマ・シテイへ北上->ウイチタ->ローレンス到着という1週間の長旅であった。ほぼ一日7-8時間は運転していたと思う。とても疲れた旅行ではあったが、若かったせいか、それほど苦にはならなかった。同行したT大学生は、その後シカゴ・ニューヨークへ行くというので、ローレンスのグレイハウンドのバス停まで送り、バスでカンサスシテイへ向かい、そこから飛行機で移動したようである。上の写真はグランドキャニオンに立ち寄った時のものである。とても寒い時期だったので、写真を撮影しただけですぐに車に戻った記憶がある。